Shell Scripting

We have covered the basics of shell scripting in our previous blog.

Vim

Vim is a text editor used to edit all kinds of plain text.
Vim is used to open the file/write inside the file

    vim <file_name>
    // Above command is used to go in Vim editor mode for the particular file.
    // If that file doesn't exist then the above command will create the file

Below Image show VIM mode. To write inside the vim we need to press ESC key and then press 'i' to go in insert mode. If we want to save the changes after we edit in it we have to again press 'esc' and write ':wq!' . This will save and exit. TO just exit write ':q' .

Write a simple Shell Script

#!/bin/bash

########################
#Name : Vijay Patil
#About : This is a simple Shell script to get familiar with its structure

#Output the shell script in debug mode
set -x

#Let's make a directory
mkdir play

#Change directory to play
cd play

#create a file
touch name.txt
~
~
~
~
~
~
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~
~
~
~
~
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:wq!

when we execute the shell script


ubuntu@ip-172-31-16-221:~$ chmod 777 file.sh
ubuntu@ip-172-31-16-221:~$ ./file.sh   // executing sh file
+ mkdir play
+ cd play
+ touch name.txt

//now lets see if the shell script is executed

ubuntu@ip-172-31-16-221:~$ ls
file.sh  play
ubuntu@ip-172-31-16-221:~$ cd play
ubuntu@ip-172-31-16-221:~/play$ ls
name.txt

//as we can see name.txt is generated by above shell script.
ubuntu@ip-172-31-16-221:~/play$

CHMOD

chmod is a command that grants permissions

chmod <number according to permission> <File_name>

File Ownership and Permissions

OWNERSHIP: Every file and directory is assigned 3 types of owner.

1)User: User is owner of fle. By default , the person who creates the file/directory becomes its owner.

2)Group: A user group contains multiple users. All users belonging to the same group have same Linux group permissions to access the files.

3)Other : Any other user who can access the files. The person has neither created the files nor belongs to the user group.

PERMISSIONS: Every File and Directory has three types of permissions

1)Read: Only able to open and read the file. We can list the contents.

2)Write: We can add, remove and rename files stored in the directory.

3)Execute: In Unix/Linux we can not run the program unless the execute permission is set

When we run the command (ls -l) to see file permissions :

(-rwxrwxrwx) and (drwxrwxr-x) these are file permissions.

'-' means for file and 'd' means directory

r-read

w-write

x-execute

'-' = no permission

first three letters after '-' is User (rwx)
Next three are Group (rwx)
and last three are Others (rwx)

Numeric Mode for Permissions

Number	Permission Type	Symbol
0	No Permission	—
1	Execute	–x
2	Write	-w-
3	Execute + Write	-wx
4	Read	r–
5	Read + Execute	r-x
6	Read +Write	rw-
7	Read + Write +Execute	rwx

ex: 457 : Owner can Read, User group can Read+ Execute and Others can Read + Write + Execute

More Commands

History command is used to know the commands used till now
```
 ~history
```
To know the disk space available
```
 ~df
```
To get a complete picture of the total Ram, how much is used, and its free space we use free command
```
 ~free
```
To know how many cpu;s on our machine we use
```
 ~nproc
```
To show all linux processes.
```
 ~top
```
To know active running processes.
```
 ps -ef
```
Grep command is used to find only o/p required from the total o/p received

grep <what_you_want> <file_name>
AWK Command:

want to find specific word

If we want "learn" word as output

' | ' is called pipe. Output of first command is given to second command

Shell Script

Every shell script starts by mentioning executables using sh-bang. For ex: #!/bin/bash

What is the difference between #!l/bin/bash and #!/bin/sh ? First let's break down above script in two parts

1) #! :- This is called Shebang. This tell our operating system which interpreter to be used in place of what os already use.

2)/bin/sh and /bin/bash : These are the executables by which the commands are executed according to the interpreter mentioned. Here #!/bin/bash means shebang is telling operating system to use bash as the interpreter for remaining scripts in place of default system shell #!/bin/sh , it is symbolic link pointing to the executable for whichever shell is the system shell. It can be anything like Bash / Dash

Shell Scripting: Part 2

Shell scripting is automating our day to day linux activities. We write lines of shell commands for Unix based Operating System

Vim